Vocal Music Khyal, which literally means “imagination” or “thought,” is the predominant classical vocal genre of North India. A relatively modern style, some say it developed in the small, private rooms in the womens’ quarters of palaces, where delicate ornamentation and fast tempos could be appreciated – subtleties that would have been lost in the large, reverberant halls where the older, more austere dhrupad was performed. With the collapse of the Mughul Empire in the 18th century, men began to sing khyal as well as women, and many different gharanas – lineages of teachers and disciples with a distinctive musical style and philosophy – developed, while dhrupad performances became far less common. You’ll hear several styles of khyal at the festival. Began her studies with teachers in the Gwalior and Agra gharanas, two very old khyal lineages that still retain many practices associated with dhrupad, and continued in the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana, a newer one known for technically-demanding displays of ornamental virtuosity and its eclectic, experimental approach. And both are part of the Kirana Gharana, known for sweetness, emotionality, and intricate improvised ornament, which originated in Uttar Pradesh about 100 years ago and was heavily influenced by Carnatic (South Indian) music. Instruments you will hear at the Raga Samay Festival. The harmonium is a small pump organ used primarily to accompany vocal performances, echoing the soloist. Early harmoniums were piano-like instruments imported by 19th century missionaries. Local makers and musicians adapted them for playing monophonic music while seated on the floor – the left hand pumps the bellows instead of the feet. Other instruments Pakhavaj: A drum used in dhrupad instead of tabla. Sarangi: A bowed stringed instrument used to accompany vocalists. Now usually replaced by a harmonium. Swarmandal: a small zither occasionally used to accompany vocal music Surbahar: Bass sitar Surshringar: Bass sarod Tanpura: A simple plucked or bowed lute used for drones. Now usually replaced by an electronic instrument. Veena: Originally meant any stringed instrument. The word is still used in Hindustani music for two plucked instruments – rudra veena, now largely displaced by surbahar, and vichitra veena like the sarod, a slide instrument – and for the mohan veena or Indian slide guitar. A Gentle Introduction to South Indian Classical (Carnatic) Music By Mahadevan Ramesh (Posted on RMIM by Rajan Parrikar) Preface by Rajan Parrikar Namashkar! A week or so ago I sat through a spiel delivered by an American (he was, what has come to be known as, an 'advanced' student of Ali Akbar Khan) in which he held forth that (I'm paraphrasing) whereas the average Joe in the West is reasonably acquainted with a name such as Beethoven, very few Indians are in the know of the great figures in their musical tradition. I was itching to confront the worthy on this outrageous allegation. But I didn't, couldn't, because he was absolutely right. It is tragic that familiarity with the life and work of the likes of Sri Tyagaraja, Swami Haridas, Alladiya Khan etc. In the land of their birth is confined to a relatively small community of music scholars and the unusually-curious among rasikas. Modern 'educated` Indians are, to make a generalization, spectacularly ill-informed about their own rich cultural and religious traditions. The driver must be accompanied by a licensed driver age 21 or older in the front seat of the vehicle. 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